The establishment of the University of Antwerp (1954-2003)

I compare different actors’ claims to organizing land use and public health between 1861 and 1917 in two of Russia’s peripheries: ‘Eastern’ Bashkiria and ‘European’ Livland, because I would like to know how the interactions between differentiated and sometimes contradictory organizing principles of imperial hierarchy and the universalizing principle of modernization ultimately shaped the practices of land and public health management, in order to understand how an empirical focus on these interactions, captured by the novel concept of ‘imperial situations,’ helps us to distinguish between empires and states without forcing particular models on these historical phenomena.